Bolingbroke sectarian parties

 Classical era for the universal condemnation of the Deeply involved in political struggle as a realistic politician Bolingbroke is the history of thought on the open the first of its kind which, for Hume, Burke of political parties laid the foundation for the development of thinking, Key words

Bolingbroke sectarian parties

concept of modern political parties in modern political party to run an important pillar of democracy, elections, voting and other political mechanisms and a variety of competitive activities, almost are based on political party system. However, the political parties in the notorious phase of his origin, political thought in 18th century England is full of Can be said that political parties is accompanied by suspicion and resistance to it gradually grew up.

Bolingbroke is the first in the 18th century writings of the British passing, scattered among their other statements. Bolingbroke's political works is different, the one where political expression is no longer in his temporary improvisation, but his one of the central themes of political concern (although in his time , his Secondly, his theory of the inevitable party also includes emotional factors or can be said to prejudice, but they are also a number of political opponents is not only a political pamphlet attacking each other, but in historical research and realistic build out based on the observation The relative systematic theoretical system; plus Bolingbroke tortuous political experience and his passionate, dazzling style, the concept of his party had a significant impact on future generations is no accident. Not only in the United Kingdom, continental Europe and the Americas, 18th century statesman, scholar of political parties held the concept of most of them can find the shadow of Bolingbroke. Until the late 18th century, the British political situation has changed, the concept of political parties has also been updated, Bolingbroke party theory can still cause for sympathy. We can even say, not only records the text Bolingbroke, and shaping the image of the embryonic political parties to study the concept of modern political parties, the rise of Bolingbroke is a not bypass the starting point of the figure.

one Bolingbroke: After the Glorious Revolution a generation raised

Bolingbroke, the original 名亨利圣约翰, 1678, was born in Battersea, at Eton and Oxford by the end education, the children of the nobility and the same time, then went to Europe Study Tour. He entered Parliament in 1701 and joined the Tories. Since then, he has experienced political glory and frustration, forced to leave politics and return to the countryside, engaged in academic research, but he has not immersed in politics, founded the attacks of the Whig party government journal, The

contemporary Europe under the Constitution of jealousy, and the birth of his younger rival David Hume. joint action, it is the result of the parties to compromise and concession, there is no school of complete victory, above the top of the other factions, which parties have not been completely swallowed up. Supporters to continue to support the monarchy monarchy, Protestantism has been a Protestant monarch and leader of the protection of rural real estate landlords, whom the British Constitution is also protected relish and sublimation, and even many of the original favorite of James II in the William continues to be reused time. It is a typical British spirit, mixed factions director, irrigation of the British and to restore the monarchy and parliamentary relations between the balance of the old, established the British political debate in the next century discourse It is in this spirit of Bolingbroke grew up under the influence. So he wholeheartedly supported the origin-based principle of hereditary monarchy, even in the late Anne, has been in the glory of the Queen under the favored and reuse, at the planned restoration of the Stuart dynasty. On the other hand, his love of the British constitution and freedom, and as much as his love of the monarchy. Sovereign is a British national history stretching and a symbol of the class, the class of this nation the reality of the expression of deep feelings for the object. But more importantly, that the British monarchy is unique in that it is limited and conditional, the sovereign can not just do whatever they want with their own arbitrary will. After the revolution, the Constitution and reaffirmed the principle of freedom and further enjoys popular support, became jealous of other nations the United Kingdom led to the unique pride. It is the British shelter and well-being is tied to the link under the Constitution, various classes and strata unite the nation as a whole, but to enjoy their freedom. For the British, the freedom is the most important, an affluent but have been enslaved people, they live, what is the point? Therefore, Bolingbroke said: party

addition, Bolingbroke is a typical academic profile of British empiricism way: from the real political struggle to develop a cautious approach, frequently from a review of history to get a spirit of moderation . He is also thinking about the party's history and reality of the struggle from the clean out. Bolingbroke taste of words, his thesis from the perspective of secular and church back the origin of the British political parties. He believes that after the 1660 war British political party exists in the Church of England and non-sectarian country,UGG bailey button, the original Roundheads and Cavaliers differences between the party and ended with the restoration, while the Whig Party and the Tory party to go to Charles II appeared late. In addition, the 1722 Walpole Whigs came to power, exacerbated by the court between the party and country party opposition, Bolingbroke then develop their talents and act as the Tories (at that time mainly by the rural party and may not be potential Tory Hui cell-party) spokesman, as Walpole's most prestigious opponents. His However, the 1734 election makes return to politics Walpole, Bolingbroke's political hopes suffered setback, and in the opposition camp,UGG shoes, he gradually marginalized, and the is broad and ambitious European history, and through France, Spain, and compared the history of ancient Rome, from the understanding of the constitutional system, political parties and factions of the status and influence.

Second, the By Congress in the court of the party executive policy to officials and other supporters of the royal family formed by the village with the palace or the government party is not directly linked to members. After they left the political stage, retreated to rural territory, and therefore self-styled However, although the village party But in fact, the two parties at this time and no long-term fixed membership, individuals according to their intention to shift the party from the party. A person may only yesterday because of government policy, personnel objections raised in the countryside look, be regarded as If the Whigs and the Tories were the party may also be because the differences between the principles of faith and policy in favor of differences caused by other reasons, then the court between the party and country party is more dependent on their differences with the government King of the distance.

During William III (reigned 1688-1702), when the Tories and some Whigs dissenting position in the opposition, they claimed George I (reigned 1714-1727) and George II (reigned 1727-1760) period, they are once again in the opposition's position, So they simply called themselves In this case, the court of the party almost entirely composed of the Whig Party, while the country by all the Tory party and formed part of the Whig Party. Long-term status of the opposition, making the country increasingly embarrassing the party's identity, because in the prevailing political culture and atmosphere under the government remains opposed to illegal acts; the other hand, because of the more primitive organization with limited resources, the Government can still send use hands to control the election of a large number of resources to implement their own ideas, but the opposition team messy, ineffective action, can not form a strong government attacks and challenges. The son of Horace Walpole once said, in Bolingbroke a party to formally name the country, and secondly, a clear principle to unite the party of the country and under the banner of common cause.

Bolingbroke that as long as the court by manipulating the strength of their hands to fight against the name of sectarian opposition, the opposition forces will be destroyed, this time the collapse of national unity would have been . And this time, a country the party will be generated voice of the nation. It must be based on the principle of public interest, rather than on specific prejudice, it will not pursue something more than their due, not to seek anyone's special interests. ⑥ Therefore, the country produced a primary condition of the party is the internal and external, national in a crisis. It is taking

is the relationship between the standing army and government bonds. most large European financial system and the most effective system of public debt, especially in the Whig Party under the leadership and participation in investment, the establishment of the Bank of England, Treasury system and other modern financial mechanisms, the formation of a so-called In the Tory Party (most of them are rural party) opinion, who is the country estate the foundation of national stability, the new system gave them little benefits and allows them to take half of the state's tax burden. Walpole came to power, not only failed to fill the difference, but exacerbated differences. ⑧ In addition, the Walpole era is the era of rampant corruption. On one hand, he was generous pension allocated to the royal family to obtain the king's support and trust; the other hand, in order to ensure members receive the support of the majority of the House, Walpole full use of his powers in charge of government finances to buy the favorable conditions to win over members, the Government financial sector members and voters for money to buy is called ⑨ slightly as long as the opposition gained momentum, he gave them labeled as Therefore, in Bolingbroke seems to Walpole led the court party called They buy and control the behavior of parliament than the standing army of freedom even more damage, more convenient and efficient Parliament slavery. By buying boards, we return to that subject to the arbitrary will of the autocrat of the state, and our Constitution will be immediately dissolved. Although we have the right to enjoy security and freedom, but they are independent of Parliament and freedom-based, once shaken Zhekuaijishi the Constitution also will tottering. Pull Box, countless evil and misfortune in this country have come to the head

Country Party is in such groups in times of crisis emerged, it has irreproachable virtue. First, the village Party Constitution and the freedom from the love of people. Bolingbroke repeatedly stressed that the crisis facing the country when the Constitution and freedom loving people when together. Second, it is based on the entire nation. They are the national aspirations and expectations of the individual body in a special embodiment of the decent people of the whole nation, as long as love and determined to defend their freedom, it will give them strong support, which is different from the village court of the party composition of the party faction place: the passion that people support because of occasional sectarian, but the habit of thinking will make people against them. [12] Third, the village guide to action for the party full of national and public interests, it is the soul of the party country. are the nation's , so that any factions disappear. state, so that mortal dust.

But in fact, in the eyes of historians, the 18th century squire luxury affordable only supply a quality. Villages from the then members of the party's actual behavior of the quality of their specific point of view, because people keep changing between the court and village identity, party loyalty and lack of clear principles, so there are historians tend to think that country of the party from time to time, but not a continuous village party. Then, Bolingbroke described the focus on the rural party is not just metaphysical significance of the image, and his Bolingbroke's position in the history of political parties know how in the end, which requires us to further explore the

Third, to a certain extent can be interoperable (as with other writers at that time), but Bolingbroke is a 18th century British scholar and political reality of the rich experience, a sound Classical Studies of the identification power of literacy and see around corners, for they made a sharp distinction. Generally not so strictly speaking it, in reference to the court of the party, he use the word

Bolingbroke wording from the use of language point of view, whether it is about the 17th century English Civil War, the restoration of the struggle, those who use the For example, referring to the aristocratic form of government should play a role in the free, he said, the delicate balance), but once they become a tool for a particular sect, they can not achieve this mandate. the party is changing the nature of their parties, and makes the court the opportunity to grow as a party, more accurately, is sectarian, So, to some extent that, Bolingbroke in sectarian sentiments The party is co-produced in decent people. This joint is not only because people agree, is more important principles. [18] because, happily together. Although it has blurred its meaning is still relatively unique, summed up the following features:

The first is the ideological efforts. Although the Simply put, this Bolingbroke has repeatedly stressed that the principle (rather than passion or prejudice), is the public interest (rather than selfish interests) to the party linked to rural, rural interests of the party is not unique, it is a manifestation of national aspirations. He even considered the principle of public interest rural party's It is certainly different from today's carefully crafted election-based political parties show political program before the voters, but we might call this

second, non-violent. Bolingbroke efforts to shape the political parties of the image and the various sectarian groups had another important difference is that his non-violent, that they are not through violence or threats of violence backed by action, but rather trying to the debate, the reasoning to convince people to believe that and to support them. They no longer king of the party and before the Civil War Roundheads that holds the weapon, people frequently resort to London, passions and violence. Even the most successful in Walpole during an opposition anti-government activities during the 1733 crisis, alcohol and tobacco tax, they are also through letters, ballads, books and pamphlets to mobilize the masses, instead of the way through the activities of armed opposition . [21] On the other hand, the government gradually to avoid the use of violence there. Walpole Although his political opponents often labeled as He never used his power to kill with lethal In short, as historians have pointed out, civil war and revolution, the entire nation in violence and the use of basic consensus on this issue, although they still keep fighting, sometimes of principle, sometimes for profit,UGG boots clearance, but they do to avoid an irreconcilable conflict.

Third, legitimate reason. In Bolingbroke's Weapons they use to justify not only the abstract natural rights, but also to history and traditional customs and practices in the form of government attacks. But in fact they are not against government power, but the executive power. They are not on the formation of the Government's principles and institutions of this attack, they even love the Constitution and protect freedom from the expectations, the Government has been under attack in Bolingbroke view, precisely because their actions undermine the Constitution, that the Government in the use of public power, the implementation of national laws, to obey the will of the people to follow national practices and customs, and traditions are far astray, and thus to become the enemy of the Constitution.

Therefore, in the writings of Bolingbroke, In addition, we may note that in the For example, talking about Saxon tradition of freedom and the Constitution of the United Kingdom, he said, They constitute a class of civilians (rank), who are armed and able to join the war (whether they are right or in the ground combat operations) and squires, they constitute another class (rank) [23] linked to the English Overall, their duties and the security of its own, their proper place, then the party (party) as a Unfortunately, Bolingbroke which was then offset by his party and made a clear sectarian subtle distinction: a composition in accordance with the principle of public interest parties to any party struggles of the times There are many reasons, of course.

First of all, the ancient dynasties until the times Bolingbroke, on the political arena rooted hatred of factional fighting, making the party itself is extremely ugly, or it can be said, is . Whether this group, how much political parties bear a just cause, it can not afford to assume their Moreover, due to Because, when abstinence are still ashamed words 1705, Ge Weinuo old Pitt's grandfather to the old Pete's father, in a letter Robert wrote, public servants. If you want apparition Council, should make themselves proficient in parliamentary practice and procedure, not enmeshed in sectarian groups, must not enter the Parliament with prejudice. did not dare to defy world opinion and open to target gangs, his political vision of promote peace, strength and honor the nation can be improved and demonstrated So he was eager to party in the country and the

Second, Bolingbroke finds that any party bound to degenerate into sectarian by the pursuit of the ideal start to the clique, metamorphosis, but exists in the person's own human nature. Even more visible public is only an ideal political party to pursue. Because that can not get others to join the party ... ... this time it will become a faction The Basis of pessimism, played down the earlier of the

Even so, the Much later Hume, Edmund Burke, who is Bolingbroke opened up along a new path that promote the concept and theory of political parties in depth. From this, we see the trajectory of the times and ideas change, the rise of the modern concept of the process of political parties and, more importantly,UGG boots, a new mode of politics - party politics has been looming, modern democracy opens the door slowly.