Ancient Chinese main mode of management checks and balances

 Ancient Chinese main mode of management checks and balances
 which was published in ethical values can be set aside for the evaluation of history, but only from management's point of view, the ancient Chinese social system should be the most successful in human history, extending the longest and most sustained improvement of the system. reason for this success and lasting, of course, many reasons, but effective management mechanism of checks and balances, should be an important reason. China since the Qin and Han has to have a contemporary world's most developed and most large bureaucracies, such a vast empire of system design Without checks and balances of power, the system can not last long. In management's view, the ancient successful checks and balances, is also worthy of careful consideration of modern enterprise managers and learn from the ancient social system management, for the modern enterprise containment in the management, is a valuable reference.
management of checks and balances in ancient China there are five main, each with beauty, it is worth pondering.
1 imperial-style separation of powers from the system of checks and balances
design point of view, the ancient imperial China there is a separation of powers checks and balances.
history shows that since the Qin and Han dynasties in ancient China's political system is a proven system, from the Qin era to establish administrative (central agencies : Prime Minister, in the book, etc.), military (Qiu) and monitoring (royal doctor) the political system of separation of powers. This system of separation of powers under the emperor in ancient times very great, is the real Chinese characteristics. by the emperor decision-making (of course, this decision-making system is too unreliable, three lines are brought together to the Emperor one hand, information overload, it is difficult proper treatment; generous, decision-making will be a large error), after which the right of the three management, mutual restraint, so that the emperor is conducive to control its stability. Of course, the administrative management system, as a routine management assistant emperor, in the evolution of significant change. early, formal office, and As a secretary within the team to the Eastern Han Dynasty, started by the courtiers to serve as Secretary of the Emperor team evolving decision-making official institutions, when too much power, causing the emperor's guard, also lost the trust of the emperor, the emperor will introduce a new Secretary of the team. such as the Ming Dynasty cabinet into a courtier by the Secretary, The Qing Dynasty's and sometimes weaken the administrative assistant, managed to contain the power firmly in control in their own hands to ensure the , the emperor would adjust the royalty, hero and the balance of power between the wife's family, stability checks and balances.
this context, is typical in the Han dynasty, Liu Bang established the Han, the central government, there are actually three major factions. a royal faction is led by Liu Bang, which is the core of Western Han Dynasty, Liu Bang, the eight of the school, including Prince, a cousin of a number of such Huang Sun and Liu Bang, the other members of the royal family. Liu is China's first emperor, a civilian, and is the fastest to complete conversion from civilian to the emperor as the emperor, he needs to become his political backbone of the royal family; second hero faction, Emperor Liu Bang commoner, has followed his generals together to conquer the world of the large number of civil officials, including the closure due to power King of kings and princes did not champion a different surname other hero; third wife's family camp, the Queen's concubine system and the existence of the system, the Queen, her family concubines be reused in different degrees, the formation of the feudal era of the wife's family dynasty. Bang when in power, because Liu is a political strongman, wife's family is difficult to form a climate camp, even as much favorite Qifu Ren Liu, also failed to form a strong force, although the status of a family of prominent Empress, but the Empress is not favored, Liu alive when not amount to anything, Liu Bang, the Lu clan started strong.
is worth noting that, when any one group towards bigger and threatening imperial regime, would be inhibited imperial power, such as the hero was Princes School surname, Liu Bang, the central threat to the regime, especially after a threat to the ruling Empress Lu Liu times to have been Liu Bang, Empress Heaven. without champion's hero, has been reused, mostly the phase state elected by these people, since the beginning Xiao, Li Tsao, Tomb, Chen Ping, Bo Zhou, Guan Ying, are. When someone in the royal family bigger threat to the imperial regime, also be inhibited, such as Lu Zhao was later killed because they are the three sons of Liu Bang, is the backbone of the royal family sent, it is possible to inherit the throne of the people, the threat is enormous. When the wife's family to send bigger, the heroic faction of the Bo Zhou, Chen Ping, Wong adjuvant four sons Heng place the new emperor, off Lu family.
visible toward the balance of power in the factions is an effective way to maintain political stability is one of checks and balances which is the ancient management.
3 North Korea Chinese Wu separation of powers checks and balances to eliminate a direct threat from Imperial
means to view, so that separation of powers towards each other to contain the Chinese military is also very effective checks and balances on management.
Song to weaken the power of civil and military ministers, to seek a balance restricted areas is very typical, Kuangyin Tang Empire from brilliant to know that the painful lessons of the collapse, it is to understand the struggle Five Dynasties and Ten States to fight, when to replace Zhao Later Zhou Dynasty, the pioneer of the great Song Dynasty have been serious couch (pipe affairs), the Privy Council (tube military) and three Division (tube Finance) are responsible for, and officials responsible for the appointment and removal from the Examination Centre, and set up two identical powers to monitor public institutions: Imperial Court and remonstrance . the article Wu Gaoguan each other to contain get-free to the extreme, by the emperor to control everything. Also, Song implementing officials, staff, sent three separate systems, from the prime minister down to the main book are generally not served with the official name of the match duties.
In addition, the military regime, more enhanced decentralization. the right of the Privy Council in charge of troop movements; tube military leadership headed by the San Ya; system temporary assignment of military power by the emperor, in order to more insurance, and all the generals are not the military's top leaders, Privy Council and commander of forces at all levels are held by a civilian or a eunuch. army of two sub-Jin Jun and Xiang Force, sent to the central competent Jingzhuang when Jin Jun, sub-standard car to remain in place to do the military. Xiang army is weak, while the imperial guards involved in border control, but not to keep a long time, the following year rotations. Army to mobilize non-stop, will not know soldiers, soldiers did not know to, to understand the military's often the rotation, but not the military's civil service as supreme commander. the military more support more combat capability is getting worse. Zhao Song Dynasty fear the extreme power changed hands designed management system of checks and balances, and ultimately ruined the Northern Song dynasty, with the overlord and the Jin emperor were captured.
4 and the outer court of the Inner Court In order to prevent the balance between
sidelined, often with the inner court and the emperors outer court, the use of authorized management system to adjust to maintain containment.
independent scholar of Confucianism in ancient nobility and Quan Chen, although they recognize the throne Tianshou, But at the same time emphasizing the public for days, China Gui-Jun light, people are the views of the boat. that the monarchical rule must comply with the principle of people-based, otherwise, the people have the right to re-select the king, the re-election found emperor. literati do not rely on the power of aristocratic background, do not rely on royal relatives, who inherited the long-term ethical principles and the current of public opinion as a weapon, emphasizing the people-oriented principle, to correct the deviation decision emperor, Jian Yi Quan Chen wrongful act, to their knowledge and character, as checks and balances on abuse of power, civil and military ministers a powerful force.
5 Jian Chen Quan Chen checks and balances on the emperors would use
literati of the Jian Yi Quan Chen and great influence, to achieve management checks and balances.
Inner Court is the emperor's private secretary team, the outer-ting is the Cabinet of Prime Minister led the government team. When the right to expand the phase when the emperor in order to eliminate the threat, and often strengthen the inner court of the power to suppress the phase right, sometimes, Inner Court also engaged in the political agents, the use of special authorization, try to control the outer court. And when the inner court of the Secretary of the eunuchs and other bigger and stronger, the emperor would strengthen the power of the outer court to avoid lose its power.
as , Yongzheng seven years (1729), the Northwest because of military forces, when the cabinet door in the Wo, fear of leakage of confidential, easy to set Military Long were the engine room door, the Commission would like to close by the cabinet into the value of the Shanxie, military affairs that deal with the emergency use, dealing with government, assisting the emperor. Yongzheng Decade (1732), renamed the centralized monarchy came to a head, the predecessor of the first Ming emperor created by the people, including the imperial family, which keep a close watch Prison, detection, arrest, the right to monitor all the officials, and make no public hearing. Zhenfu belongs Secretary Jin Yiwei two north or south, the country managers of the South Zhenfu Prison Carpenter of the military; North Zhenfu Division Profile and Zhao Yu, a direct act to take aim, use of torture is particularly Kulie. This is the Captain of the Enhancement Sili Han, the emperor's inner court of the powerful control means Baiguan.
These are the main checks and balances ancient technique, from the ancient social and political system of checks and balances management, modern business managers can learn from both positive and negative experience of managing a lot of containment, Xiapian more specific about.
Zhao Kuangyin < br> Yongzheng Emperor
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